A Comparison between Shakespeares Agincourt Speech and...

A Comparison between Shakespeares Agincourt Speech and Wilfred Owens Dulce Et Decorum Est This essay will scrutinize Shakespeares Agincourt Speech and Wilfred Owens Dulce Et Decorum Est. Initially the essay will analyse elements of the poems context as well as the origin of the actual passage and how it is created by the influence on each writers own experience. Additionally, the analysis will similarly focus on more intimate elements of each poem such as the attitude towards war at the time that they were written and how the author shows there own attitude and beliefs towards war (The Myth of War). Furthermore the essay will conclude by contextualising the language and structure of each†¦show more content†¦An example would be when Henry V is describing his army, We few, we happy few. This could be used against Shakespeare ideas by showing that Shakespeare doesnt really know about the actual battle itself but by other peoples account and his own ability to improvise. Also, because the battle of Agincourt was well before Shakespeare birth, he would not be able to gain a strong perception on the attitude of the soldiers at the time. By using the evidence above, it can be suggested that each writer has a completely different attitude towards the other writers views on war. Shakespeare portrays war as a glorious and right time but Owen portrays war as being sad, miserable and depressing. Each writer seems to contradict the other writers thoughts and views by trying to prove the idea of war in different ways. This could be linked to the time that they were written by the actual writers themselves. Owens attitudes towards war contradict the title of his poem Dulce Et Decorum Est which, he does so he can prove that it is actually the total opposite of the title. He expresses his attitude in the form of similes within the poem. An example would be during the visual imagery of the marching soldiers at the start of the poem, Bent double, like old beggars under sacks. This shows that the soldiers are tired

Reaction Paper The Cost of Domestic Violence - 1087 Words

On our field of observation we went to the Family Justice Center of Sonoma County, this is a place where that provides and promote a safe community for people that have been a victim of a crime. The specialist such as doctors, psychiatrist and physicians provide assistance to survivors of domestic and relationship violence, elder abuse, sexual assault, as well as recently a deaf and hearing abuse victims. The FJCSC is one of the seventeen places in the state to help victims and one out of eighty victims of crime in the United States. The FJCSC is a one stop shop where as other facilities require you to make 21 different stops to get the same service. Last year the family justice center helped 14 hundred victims. Those victims brought at†¦show more content†¦Then the executive director Wes Winter took us out where we came from and took us to a different door which lead to many doors. He mentioned that whenever they bring victims in they kind of confuse them from where they ca me in and how they get out. There were many exits and entrances to each room, maybe about two entrances and two exits. They do this as a safety hazard. They’ll confuse the victims in case one is not really a victim and is just there to see the entrances and exits of the building so when there victim comes in the fake victim can find and abuse the victim. The family justice center has about 7-10 victims a day. One of the many things I found interesting about the family center is that when mothers, and sometimes fathers, come in as victims and have children with them, they have a special space for them. There they have toys, books, stuffed animals, and other small little things a child would enjoy. When a parent is being interviewed the parent and child are separated, but there is a window in the interview room where either of them can be looking. Children who have lived and seen domestic violence within there family they have a closer connection to the victim, which most of the time is there mother. They separate parent and child because the children have heard the story many times, and lived through it, they don’t want the children having to go through the trouble again. When done the child is to have/ take any toy he/ she liked from the specialShow MoreRelatedPolicy Issues Paper873 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Policy Issues P aper CJA/314 November 15, 2011 Policy Issues Paper Violence in any form can have a lasting effect on a person. Children who witness violence are permanently scarred because of what they are seeing. Children who witness family or domestic violence are affected in ways similar to children who are physically abused. Children are often unable to establish nurturing bonds with either parent and are at a greater risk for abuse and neglect if he or she lives in a violent home. 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Abstract This research paper will try to highlight the loopholes in the legislative provisions for women in the Indian constitution. Legislations for women have been there since the British rule. Independent India is not an exception. But some Indian customs and traditions setRead MoreDomestic Violence in All Types of Families2794 Words   |  11 PagesUnited States (Domestic Violence Statistics, 2013). Women between the ages of 20-24 are at a greater risk for abuse than any other age group.† (CITE). Domestic violence is a social problem that happens every day nationwide. For example, an estimated 1.3 million women are victims of physical assault each year (Domestic Violence Facts, 2007). This estimated number is just the instances of abuse that are reported by women to police each year. Many women do not report domestic violence to the police out

Finance Chapter 1 Homework Free Essays

Chapter 1 Discussion Questions 1. What advantages does a sole proprietorship offer? What is a major drawback of this type of organization? A major drawback is that there is unlimited liability to the owner. The advantage is simplicity of decision making and low organizational and operating costs. We will write a custom essay sample on Finance Chapter 1 Homework or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. What form of partnership allows some of the investors to limit their liability? Explain briefly. It allows some of the partners to limit their liability. With this arrangement, the partners are designated general partners and have unlimited liability for the debts of the firm.The other partners are designated limited partners and are liable only for their initial contribution. However, the limited partners are normally prohibited from being active in the management of the firm. 3. In a corporation, what group has the ultimate responsibility for protecting and managing the stockholders’ interests? Board of directors 4. What document is necessary to form a corporation? Articles of incorporation 5. What issue does agency theory examine? Why is it important in a public corporation rather than in a private corporation? It examines the relationship between the owners of the firm and the managers of the firm.Management in privately owned firms, the owners are usually the same people. Management operates the firm to satisfy its own goals, needs, financial requirements and the like. As a company moves from private to public ownership, management now represents all owners. This places management in the agency position of making decisions in the best interest of all shareholders. 6. Why are institutional investors important in today’s business world? Because institutional investors such as pension funds and mutual funds own a large percentage of major U. S. ompanies, they are having more to say about the way publicly owned companies are managed. As a group they have the ability to vote large blocks of shares for the election of a board of directors, which is suppose to run the company in an efficient, competitive manner. The threat of being able to replace poor performing boards of directors makes institutional investors quite influential. Since these institutions, like pension funds and mutual funds, represent individual workers and investors, they have a responsibility to see that the firm is managed in an efficient and ethical way. 7.Why is profit maximization, by itself, an inappropriate goal? What is meant by the goal of maximization of shareholder wealth? The problem with a profit maximization goal is that it fails to take account of risk, the timing of the benefits is not considered, and profit measurement is a very inexact process. The goal of shareholders wealth maximization implies that the firm will attempt to achieve the highest possible total valuation in the marketplace. It is the one overriding objective of the firm and should influence every decision. 8. Name two areas that finance is aligned with and field of study. Accounting and economics How to cite Finance Chapter 1 Homework, Papers

An Analysis of Representation of Masculinity free essay sample

These magazines are the February 201 1 edition of Kerning and the March 008 edition of NAME, separated by three years to also compare if concepts have changed over the years, I will closely analyses the message these magazines send out to both men and women and how it effects them both, whether it gives them expectations of what to expect in a man or it gives them aspirations to achieve the goal of what these messages put across. As said in the Boys to Men: Media Messages about Masculinity the medias portrayal of men tends to reinforce mens social dominance. The concept of masculinity has been around for hundreds of years.There have been many tidies and theories that have derived from this idea of masculinity and recently these theories have been applied to music as a link to masculinity. Frauds concept of placements is embodied in Rock Music as the guitar can be seen to be phallic symbol, a symbol of dominance and power, something that men of today, and centuries before today have strives to have. We will write a custom essay sample on An Analysis of Representation of Masculinity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1 999, Children Now, a California-based organization that examines the impact of media on children and youth, released a report entitled Boys to Men: Media Messages about Masculinity.The report argues that the medias arterial of men tends to reinforce mens social dominance. The report observes that: * the majority of male characters in media are heterosexual * male characters are more often associated with the public sphere of work, rather than the private sphere of the home, and issues and problems related to work are more significant than personal issues * Non-white male characters are more likely to experience personal problems and are more likely to use physical aggression or violence to solve those problems.In 1 952 NAME was released and became the most influential music magazine in the UK veering Indies/rock music. The magazine is known today as one of the top grossing magazines in the country being constant competition for the other music magazines published. Just like eve ry other magazine, the front cover is a vital part of the magazine. It is the first aspect of the magazine readers will see so therefore must capture the characteristics people look for in magazines to ensure purchase.NAME covers, feature the same ideologies each week; a popular artist or group (usually male), the color scheme red, black and white (unless it is a special edition, in which case the color scheme will elate to the main article or the theme of the issue) and finally the mast head in it well known font style and color. The February 2008 issue cover presents its format in its own individual style in a way to make it a unique magazine. The focus of this issue is the main image of enjoy male artists; they give direct eye contact with the audience looking down at the camera, presenting the idea of them being dominant over the reader.The men are wearing black clothing, a mysterious and dominant color which creates an image of rebellion and hiding their motives from the world. It is said that Cultural types ? such as the gentleman, the everyda y man, or the rebel are the staple representation of gender in popular fiction because they are easily recognizable and condense a range of important attitudes and values meaning, that the way magazine producers present the men on their cover determines how their audience will recognize the values and attitudes the producers are trying to portray to them.The graphics used on the front cover also plays a Vital role in how masculinity is represented in this magazine. First of all, the cover always features the well known and easily cognizable mast head, situated at the top left hand Corner Of the page, in a large, bold, block font. This large and bold text catches the eye of the audience and will therefore be the first thing that people will recognize the magazine by. In addition to this, the strap lines, placed variously around the main image, allow the audience to gain more information about the issue and its content.An example of this would be Tom Clark VS.. Fairs Rooter which grabs the audiences attention and the fact that the names are of two men gains the appeal of men as they can immediately relate to them. By using the rod VS. also gives the impression of fighting and violence, which is known to be a very masculine tendency as it relates to dominance and control, two things men aspire to become. The Marxist concept of hegemonic masculinity States that the man should have; Physical force and control, occupational achievement, familial patriarchy, frontiersman-ship and heterosexuality.NAME is very powerful and well known in the music industry, especially the Indies genre of it, Indies (independent) guitar rock is a post-punk submerge of independent or alternative rock, featuring mainly white, male groups playing mainly electric guitars, bass and drums these present what can be seen as stereotypical characteristics of Indies music giving the idea that music is a subject for men. Kerning began publications on 7th June 1981 , as a genre specific magazine aimed at the rise of British heavy metal and other hard rock acts and has continued to today and has become the main competition for NAME.The layout of Kernin g and NAME are fairly similar, and the magazine covers themselves share certain conventions. Similarly to NAME the focus Of the cover is the main image of the lead singer of the group Black Veil Brides Andy Barriers, in a close up shot looking directly into the camera to gain eye contact with the audience giving the impression that Hess looking at them personally. His impression is one of disappointment and challenge, an attempt to convince the audience to buy the magazine whilst seeming disappointed by the fact that the audience need to be convinced to buy it rather than automatically buying it. This challenging expression appeals to men because the idea of challenge encourages them to present their masculinity by accepting the challenge, thus causing them to buy the gagging making it seem as if the publishers of the magazine seem to know how to manipulate their audience. His black leather clothing presents the idea of rebellion and breaking from the rules of society, having the ability to control your own life and have power rather than be controlled and dominated which is exactly what men want, they want a feeling of power and dominance over others to achieve this high level of masculinity.The graphics used on this cover have the same conventions as the previous magazine, it is eye catching, using contrasting colors and a bold font to stand out grabbing he readers grabbing the readers attention immediately. However, one main convention that does differ is the layout Of the cover lines. Kerning contains a lot more pugs providing extra information and offers available for th e reader bringing with them an appeal to the audience at the idea of free posters and chances to win competitions providing the idea of superiority at the possibility of being a winner.The magazine uses several enigma codes in each strap line as it creates a need to know more invoking the reader to find out more through buying the magazine. This magazine cover is essential to encoding how masculinity is linked and connected to music, especially alternative and rock music as Studies address how masculinity and sexuality are represented in rock performance; both musically and visually. A number of these studies use examples of cook rock or heavy metal as these musical styles present clear examples Of male display, employing macho poses and rasping vocals.

Exemplification free essay sample

Exemplification Essay Until recently Atlanta was the perfect vacation â€Å"fun† spot, but my mind quickly changed in July of this year when I visited Florida. I was blown away from the various different things you can do and see; starting from the zoos, straight to the water parks, Broadway shows and theme parks. This amazed me because each of them caters to all age groups of children and adults which make it perfect for anyone to attend. When in Florida there is no doubt that you would be bored. It is an extremely fun place to take a vacation. For starters if you love animals then visiting these few zoos on your vacation is a must. â€Å"Brevard zoo† is located in Melbourne and consists of animals like giraffes, cheetahs and jaguars. Then you have â€Å"Butterfly World† located in Coconut Creek. It is full of butterflies. It’s a zoo to come to for relaxation and to free the mind. We will write a custom essay sample on Exemplification or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The most fun of all is â€Å"Lion Country Safari† located in Palm Beach. They have every type of lion there is and they can be fed by anyone! The water parks are the talk of the century. In Tampa there is â€Å"Adventure Island† which consists of gift shops and surfing. If someone just wants to relax, they can check out there all-day dining deal, to sit down and have lunch. Then there is â€Å"Wild Waters† located in Ocala. This has tunnel slides, bumper boats and much more. Also they hold parties and have awesome group deals. Lastly, located in Riviera Beach is â€Å"Rapids Water Park†. Racing downhill on your stomach on the long slides or even jumping on the rafts to play a game of rapid racers is awesome. There are many things to do at these large water parks. Certainly, you would never be able to resist Florida’s amazing Broadway shows. â€Å"The Adams family† is a very interesting Broadway show to view and it’s guaranteed you would fall in love with it. Everyone loves the lion king, so why not check out this Broadway show near you! It consist of people dressed up in your favorite lion king outfits and performing the show just like the movie. Out of all of these shows â€Å"Marry Poppins† has to be the best. These are all great shows to consider seeing while on your wonderful vacation in Florida. Boomers†, which is located in ft. Lauderdale, is a gigantic theme park full of go karts, mini golf, giant arcades, bumper boats, laser tag and much more. Then there’s â€Å"Fun Spot Action Park†, located in Orlando. This theme park has thrill rides, the kids spot, an arcade and a multi-level go kart track. Lastly you have â€Å"Silver Springs† theme park located in River Cruises. It consists of wildlife exhibits, a glass bottom boat, a lovely botanical garden and a shopping/dining area for relaxation. At each of these parks you could spend an entire day either relaxing or just enjoying the beautiful day. Now as I have named a couple of exiting places that can be visited, this shows how many fun things there is to accomplish while on vacation. No matter what part of Florida you’re in it is easy to find one of these places and more near your venue. From the zoos right down to the theme parks no one will ever be disappointed and when they reach it’s a guarantee they will never want to leave. Exemplification free essay sample Professor Lynn Hovde English Composition 1301 11 August 2012 Many of today’s drivers have dangerous habits. Did you know that on average 93 people die everyday in the United States due to vehicular accidents. The United States in a Nation that is growing out of control these days and with all of those numbers we need more vehicles. Combined with the sheer number of vehicles on the road and with the fact that many of today’s drivers have developed dangerous habits, you are more likely to die in a car crash then in a plane crash. Today’s drivers have developed bad habits because we as Americans have let it happen. We continue to develop more and more technology that enables us to be lazy or work on the go. One of the bad habits is cell phones. Americans feel like they are not connected to the world anymore unless they have their cell phone readily available. We will write a custom essay sample on Exemplification or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The development of new technology has allowed us to talk on the go, text on the go and even check our email. Some Americans feel as though there is not enough time in the day so they tend to make up for it during their long drive to or from work. It’s a simple fact that taking the time to text someone while driving takes an average of 4. 1 seconds of your time. This averages out to 100 yards driving at 55 miles per hour. That’s a long way to not be paying attention. Americans have also learned that eating on the go is another great way to save time when in a crunch. We have developed fast food restaurants which enable us to grab and go and ultimately eat in the vehicle while driving. While this may seem harmless it is still shifting your focus from the road to eating the burger or fry. You have to unwrap it and some people dip their fries in their ketchup. People tend to spill their food and when they do that they take all of their focus off of the road because they are now upset and need to clean it up before it stains or soaks in. Applying makeup has become another bad habit developed mainly by females in the United States. These women are driving to work and they are running out of time so they put their visor down and start to apply their mascara or lipstick. I have even seen portable curling irons for the car that plugs into your cigarette outlet. This is another example of the citizens enabling this. When you apply make-up you are taking all of your attention off the road and now onto yourself. What happens when you hit a bump and your make-up smears? You know take your attention and try to fix the mistake. It is clear that Americans have become dependant on technology, so much so that we have to continue to use them while driving. What is it going to take for United States Citizens to realize that it is not safe to take any of your attention away from driving. You may be able to get away with it most of the time but it only takes 1 sec of your attention diverted to miss that child running out in the street from in between two cars and you hit them. We as Americans should learn to relax and take our time. A life is not worth that 5 minute business call or talking to your girlfriend about date night. Brian Koehn Professor Hovde English 1301 05 August 2012 I. Many of today’s drivers have dangerous habits. II. Cell Phones A. Texting while driving B. Talking while driving III. Eating A. Eating while driving B. Cleaning up after the mess IV. Applying make-up A. Applying Mascara B. Curling iron in hair V. Conclusion

Is It Ethically Correct to Hide Medication in Food and Drinks of Patients with Dementia Essays

Is It Ethically Correct to Hide Medication in Food and Drinks of Patients with Dementia Essays Is It Ethically Correct to Hide Medication in Food and Drinks of Patients with Dementia Essay Is It Ethically Correct to Hide Medication in Food and Drinks of Patients with Dementia Essay It is known that in some residential homes the use of covert drugs has become common practice. In 2001 the regulatory body, the United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery, said drugs could be given covertly if it was in the patients best interests. This statement has created a lot of debate among some human right defenders as they might enter in direct conflict to the Code of Conduct of Nursing and Midwifery where clearly states nurses must â€Å"Ensure to gain consent before beginning any treatment or care. (Code of Practice, Mental Health Act 1983) This has generated some ethical issues around this topic. The term ‘covert medication’ means to give medication secretly hidden in food or beverages, without consent from patients. For some this practice seems far less intrusive than administering injectable medication by physically restraining a person who does not want to be medicated. It will be undetected by the person receiving the me dication.According to the Alzheimers Society there are approximately half a million people living with dementia in England. Dementia is not a specific disease. Dementia is a progressive, degenerative disease of the brain that affects multiple brain functions to the point that affect daily life activities (driving, shopping, balancing a checkbook, working, etc. ) and relationships. While dementia often includes memory loss, memory loss by itself does not mean that a person has dementia. http://memory. ucsf. edu/Education/general. html, 12-02-09) A number of different disorders can cause dementia. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common in older adults. Some people with the disease can develop aggression and have violent verbalisations, their behaviour can become more and more abnormal, making it difficult for the care professionals to deliver the quality of care as to follow the treatment they need.Residential homes are full of cases of people living with different conditions: Hypertension, arthritis, osteoarthritis, diabetes, heart disease etc. Medication needs to be given in a daily basis. The problem strives when patients are unable to take a decision due to some form of mental illness like dementia. Establishing any racional conversation it is not possible and some of them would not know where they are or who they are. Their condition makes them feel frustrated very easily, specially if they are not taking the prescribed medication.They can become dangerous for themselves as they might try to attempt self harm, attack the nurses or attack other residents. Even if the situation does not develop in physical agression, people with dementia could shout, scream unpleasant words to people around them, making the environment unbearable not only for them but also for others. These cases are very common in many institutions and it seems like a burden for the nurses whom in some cases are seen more like babysitters.Alison Norman president of United Kingdom Cent ral Consul has said publishing guidelines was important, as it would bring the â€Å"complex issue out† into the open and thus reassure both patients and medical staff. BBC news 05-09-2001. These guidelines has been made to assist the registered nurses to come into terms to a decision as to whether to administer the medicines under certain circumstances or not. They have been told to treat each patient as an individual case and to follow this practice as the last resource, it should not become part of a daily routine with all patients.Professional carers of patients with dementia has found this a justified way to approach patients who are not capable of consenting to treatment and it is intended to ensure that individuals refusing treatment as a result of their illness will have access to effective medical treatment. This issue has provoked widespread concern. It involves the fundamental principles of patient and client autonomy and consent to treatment, which are set out in common law and statute and underpinned by the Human Rights Act 1998.Human rights defenders like Aberdonian Hunter Watson have stated the practice of â€Å"covert medication contravenes patient’s human rights†. He began raising questions after his mother was sedated without her consent at a nursing home in the city, â€Å"It’s very, very convenient for staff at care homes to conceal drugs in the food and drink of residents, not for therapeutic problems but to make the residents easier to manage. † (http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/scotland/7023097. stm, 13-02-2009) Mr Watson is known for campaigning about â€Å"covert medication† in care homes.In residential settings, tranquillising medication might be seen as a cheap means of managing inadequate staffing levels as well as to ensure a quiet shift, but for those who are in favour of this approach argue that it is an essential and least restrictive means of managing unpredictable, violent outbursts again st staff and fellow patients. Some might question this practice, who has the right to force someone to take a drug without her or his knowledge? , Do we know whether a patient is refusing treatment or is mentally unable to make that decision for themselves?And could the guidelines encourage busy or less scrupulous nurses to take the quick way out? Treatment administered in food or drink should never be given to patients who are clearly refusing to accept treatment and have capacity to consent according to Mental Health Act 1983 whereas treatment for those who lack capacity may be prescribed in their best interests under the common law doctrine of necessity, and thus necessary to save life or prevent deterioration or ensure an improvement in the patient’s physical or mental health (Department of Health Welsh Office, 1999).For some people these new guidelines enter in direct conflict to the Code of Conduct of Nursing and Midwifery 2008 where clearly states nurses must :  "Ensure to gain consent before beginning any treatment or care. † â€Å"Respect and support people’s rights to accept or decline treatment and care. † There are not easy answers in a overburden healthcare system where work load and time pressure put staff on the constant strain. The new guidelines aim to protect patients and their families from unethical practices and a more realistic solution to help healthcare professionals to safely care for atients who refuse to take their medicines. Whether in hospital or in residential care homes vulnerable patient specially the elderly have been missing out on vital care because they are confused. All adults have the right to refuse treatment but when a patient is mentally ill and unable to understand, medical staff needs some way of legitimately helping them. When the patients condition deteriorates it is not only sedatives that are given this way.A diabetic patient or a patient with a heart condition who also has dementi a may refuse to take any medication and their conditions will deteriorate. A patient with severe major depression by taking camouflaged drugs could prevent him from undergoing to an electro convulsive therapy which could potentially put his life in danger. United Kingdom Psychiatric Pharmacy Group has stated that the pharmacy department should be consulted about what way the medication will be administered to the patients whether in food or drink. ukppg. org. k/tablets-in-food. html (accessed 20-02-2009) The decision to covert medication in food or drinks means that it will have to be in the patient best interest and it wont be an isolated decision, Other people views will also be taken into account; anyone previously named by the patient as someone to be consulted, anyone engaged in caring for the person, close relatives, friends or others who take an interest in the person’s welfare, as well for the multidisciplinary health care team, but where doubt exists a second medica l opinion will be sought.Whichever way they played it could be deemed as not acting in the best interest of the patient if they do give the covert medication in food could be seen as innappropiate and if they do not give the medication in disguise it could also be seem as innappropiate and not acting in their best interest of the patient, but medication is essential if a patient has been prescribed with some medicine and its unable to make a decision he stills needs to take it.Camouflaging medicines is arguably a kind way of giving them to distressed elderly patients.Referencehttp://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/scotland/7023097. stm.http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/health/1525381. stm

Capital Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Capital Punishment - Essay Example Despite increasing crimes, I am against capital punishment primarily because it would bring our action at par with that of criminal. Den Haag asserts that capital punishments are justified because criminals deserve ‘an eye for an eye’. He asserts that they serve as effective deterrent but unfortunately his assumptions have no concrete proof to support his hypothesis. The concept of punishment has evolved as a justified step making the criminal realize his act of omission and offense that is committed and also as an attempt to give justice to the person or people against whom it has been committed. The punishments which were supposed to serve as examples for others to refrain from crimes are increasingly becoming ineffectual. It is true that the punishment of the offender must serve as deterrent for others. At the same time, life imprisonment without parole would serve the same purpose but would be more humane and give the criminal an opportunity to reform. John Stuart Mill also argues that capital punishment is the most effective penalty for people who have no regard to other people’s lives. He says that ‘he who violates that right in another forfeits it for himself, and that while no other crime that he can commit deprives him of his right to live, this shall’. But he also agrees that ‘that if by an error of justice an innocent person is put to death, the mistake can never be corrected’. Crime has been committed and therefore the criminal must be paid back in the same manner or something which is as bad as his crime. In the modern times and in the civilized society, this act of vengeance is neither considered to be morally right or just. Our actions need to be more thoughtful and effective that conform to the wider perspectives of basic human values that sees punishment as deterrent act which also helps the criminal to reform. Hugo Adam Bedau asserts that ‘death penalty is uncivilized in theory and unfair

Personal statement to apply to universities Essay

Personal statement to apply to universities - Essay Example I remember my father bringing home our first computer when I was just eight years old. I was simply fascinated with the machine. My father helped me learn how to use the computer to play games and listen to music. Since that time, I have loved the computer and my desire to know more about the different operating systems and how they work has strengthened. At King Saud University, I was fortunate enough to study database management, networking, assembly, and architecture. The knowledge that was offered through database management empowered me to track pertinent information about people, clients, potential donors, as well as current donors and volunteers in an organizational system. I participated in a project for a library so that the library staff could use the database to search for clients by their last name and by the book number. Also, a user could search for books at another library. It was such a successful project that the university considered implementing it at the university’s own library. In addition, managing knowledge through a database is a crucial element in being successful in one’s career. I am now in a position to productively use information from diverse sources without having to encounter obstacles. If I do meet an obstacle I have the ability to resolve the problems that I may encounter effectively. I worked on a team project called Network that allowed employees at a company to build connections with one another, enabling them to send messages and attachments over the network. On the day of the project presentation, one of the computers failed to respond to commands and all we could see was a blank blue screen. The whole group panicked but I stayed calm and quietly tried my best to fix the computer. It started working after a while and the project was a great success. I possess the ability to achieve as well as sustain success in an organizational setup. Thanks to the concepts and insights I have gained

Franks Lordships In Syria's Diplomatic Landscape Essay

Franks Lordships In Syria's Diplomatic Landscape - Essay Example The most famous instances are to be found in Usama Ibn Mungidh’s, a Shayzar knight, memoirs. In detail, he describes the many pleasant encounters between the Frankish Lordships and the Muslims out of the battlefields, especially the templar order members. He betrays a sense of moral superiority and Islamic intellectual as instanced, by a polite refusal of an offer, to take Usama’s son to France for studies by a Frankish knight (Kohler, 2010: p76). However, the fact that this type of offer was developed in the first instance and the fact that Usama was not worried that the son would be converted is a telling item of evidence concerning the relationship texture. The Muslim natives, Usama included, knew the Frankish lordships well, visited major towns run by the crusaders, and entertained them often. Muslims of lower social classes, particularly the artisans and merchants, travelled to Frankish territories often for personal or professional reasons (Kohler, 2010: p79). Man y descriptions of Muslims from Frankish towns by the Muslim Arabs who visited them exist. While it is true that the first crusade was, in deed, an atrocious campaign, it was not very different to the usual permanent skirmishes that dominated Syria throughout the 11th century, continuing into the 12th century between the Muslims in Syria. Beyond the human, and quite friendly, relationships, the two groups maintained political alliances for long periods. The political alliance between the Frankish lordships of Antioch and Emirs Shayzar is the most celebrated of these alliances. The entente between the Latin kingdom in Jerusalem and the Atabeks in Damascus was important as... This paper stresses that As can be gleaned from the activities in the 12th century, better knowledge of others is not necessarily a beginning of sympathy; rather, it may breed contempt. It is not that the Muslim natives of this time were not aware of the crusade movement’s institutional aspect. Especially as the Pope’s role in its proclamation; indulgence that was promised to those who took part, recapturing Jerusalem as the main goal, and propaganda spread by monks and priests in Europe, as well as contributions made to maintain morale in the Syrian battles all pointed to this. However, all this is presented not to understand better the enemy but to create a religious zeal among the Muslim natives such as that which had been instilled in the crusaders. Therefore, Muslim leaders in Syria invoke the role of the Pope in many letters in this period asking for help in isolating the crusaders and the Frankish lordships in particular. This report makes a conclusion that the absence of any real dialogue between the Muslim natives and Frankish lordships was impressive; especially considering that there was continued disputes with Oriental Christians, which were held in public sometimes throughout the 12th century. The warfare climate that dominated relationships between Muslims and Franks was not conducive to any meaningful dialogue with the notion of superiority by the Franks also as much to blame as the same feelings harbored by Muslim natives. Indeed, at theological level, this diplomatic disconnect led to a lack of idea exchange.

Reducing UK Deficit through Hyperinflation

Reducing UK Deficit through Hyperinflation The unprecedented UK budget deficits have drawn sufficient attention to the issue of the ability of the government to finance these deficits continuously by borrowing ever-increasing amounts from domestic and foreign residents by issuing government bonds. What might be particularly worrisome is that, since the 1980s, the UK government has been issuing debt (borrowing) in the current time period to pay back the principal and interest due on the debt it issued in previous periods. In other words, it has been simply ‘rolling over increasingly large chunks of government bonds. Adding to this concern is the belief intrinsic to most individuals that there is something inherently wrong with deficits and that, eventually, they would have to be reduced to zero. Introduction â€Å"Balancing the budget is like going to heaven: everybody wants to balance the budget, but nobody wants to do what you have to do to balance the budget† Senator Phil Gramm (R Tex.), 1990. Throughout the ages, national economies have experienced repeated fluctuations about trend in output, employment, prices, and interest rates, known as business cycles. Many explanations have been offered for these fluctuations in economic activity. They range from sudden supply-side disturbances, or shocks, caused by changes in technology or adverse weather conditions, to unanticipated changes in the money supply. Early business cycle theories assumed that the fluctuations in output and prices about trend were caused by the internal dynamics of a market economy. Sustained economic growth was thought to place severe strains upon the economy. For example, after a prolonged economic recovery, the continually increasing aggregate demand might cause wages and input costs to rise faster than selling prices. This, according to the early theories, would lead to a cutback in business investment and employment as firms, particularly those that had overinvested earlier, started to experience shrinking profits. This link between real and nominal variables, coming in the wake of a sustained period of recovery, was thought to cause recessions. During the era of the gold standard and fixed exchange rates, it was widely believed that business cycles were transmitted across national boundaries by detrimental fiscal and monetary policies of countries that were trading partners. Most of the early theories were in the gold standard era, and hence financial factors such as bank panics, shortages of liquidity, and fluctuations in interest rates were thought to be primarily responsible for economic downturns. While economists are by no means unanimous in their analyses of business cycles, the trend today is towards a demand-side money-induced explanation of these cycles in economic activity (Lucas, pp. 7-8). Since 1980s in United Kingdom there has been a growing feeling amongst economists and policy makers that an increase in taxes in the future is ‘inevitable. Nervousness about the large bond-financed deficits compounded by doomsday predictions in the media has convinced workers that the tax cuts are temporary. This has stunted the outward shift of labor supply and labor demand. It remains to be seen if the present administration does keep taxes at the low levels of 1987 and 1988, or conveniently ignores election year promises and raises them. In this world of individuals with rational expectations, the results of the policies of any one administration are strongly contingent on the expectations of individuals regarding the continuation of these policies by succeeding administrations. Once again, we must remember that policy is not a one-shot deal, but a ‘rule or a sequence extending into the future and the past. Economists tend to view the aggregate effects of fiscal policy from one of three perspectives. To sharpen the distinctions among them, it is helpful to consider a deficit induced by a lump-sum tax cut today followed by a lump-sum tax increase in the future, holding the path of government purchases and marginal tax rates constant. Under the Ricardian equivalence hypothesis proposed by Barro, such a deficit will be fully offset by an increase in private saving, as taxpayers recognize that the tax is merely postponed, not canceled. The offsetting increase in private saving means that the deficit will have no effect on national saving, interest rates, exchange rates, future domestic production, or future national income. A second model, the small open economy view, suggests that budget deficits do reduce national saving but, at the same time, induce increased capital inflows from abroad that finance the entire reduction. As a result, domestic production does not decline and interest rate s do not rise, but future national income falls because of the added burden of servicing the increased foreign debt. A third model, which we call the conventional view, likewise holds that deficits reduce national saving but that this reduction is at least partly reflected in lower domestic investment. In this model, budget deficits partly crowd out private investment and partly increase borrowing from abroad; the combined effect reduces future national income and future domestic production. The reduction in domestic investment in this model is brought about by an increase in interest rates, thus establishing a connection between deficits and interest rates. Budget deficits are financed by issuing government bonds to domestic and foreign residents (borrowing) or by selling bonds to the central bank (monetizing the debt). The processes of government spending, taxes, and money creation are linked quite explicitly by the arithmetic of the intertemporal budget constraint. The most important sources of tax revenue for the government are income taxes, corporate taxes, and payroll taxes. As all these tax revenues are functions of the national income, they consequently decrease when GNP falls, or when the economy goes into recession. On the other hand, transfer payments such as unemployment benefits increase in recessions, thereby causing budget deficits to rise in periods of economic sluggishness, even in the absence of any change in fiscal policy. Because of this independence of the magnitude of the deficit to changes in policy, many economists feel that less attention should be paid to the actual deficit and more to what is known as the high-employment or the standardized-employment deficit (also full-employment deficit, structural deficit). This is a hypothetical construct that replaces both the actual government spending and tax revenues in the actual budget by estimates of what government spending and tax revenues would be, given current tax rates a nd spending provisions, if the economy were operating at full employment. A 6 per cent unemployment rate is assumed to be the full-employment mark in the UK. The high-employment deficit, therefore, is unaffected by the state of the economy, since it ignores the actual expenditures and tax revenues and instead focuses on what they would be at full employment. This measure of deficit changes only when specific policies change, and for this reason economists believe that it is a better indicator of fiscal policy than the actual deficit, as the aggregate business cycle effects have now been sifted out (Baumol and Blinder, pp. 288-290). The inflation-adjusted deficit is the actual deficit adjusted for the inflation component of the interest payments. When the UK government (or any borrower for that matter) pays interest on the government bonds outstanding in an inflationary environment, more dollars must be returned to the lender in recognition of the fact that inflation has eroded the purchasing power of the currency. These interest payments, made to restore the lenders purchasing power, exaggerate interest expenses and distort the government expenditure figures. To sift out this additional government expenditure due to inflation, we subtract the inflation premium from the interest paid on the national debt, thereby counting only the real interest payments, a technique which provides us with a more accurate measure of the deficits. Large budget deficits financed by money creation are widely believed to be the primary force sustaining prolonged high inflation processes. The relationship appears to be closer for hyperinflationary episodes, which are usually associated with the presence of massive budget deficits. Hyperinflation, understood in this paper as a process of accelerating inflation, in fact occurs because governments have unsustainably large budget deficits. Fiscal adjustment is a prerequisite for stopping hyperinflation. Suppose the economy is initially at a point like H, moving along the unstable path with accelerating inflation. The objective of the authorities is to move the economy to a stable stationary equilibrium such as A. This will require a reduction in the deficit to [d.sub.0]. However, this will not suffice to restore inflation stability since real money balances are below the steady state level (i.e., to the left of A); expansionary monetary policy is also needed. This can be achieved through an open market purchase of government bonds. Under rational expectations, the proper combination of fiscal and monetary policies will instantaneously stop hyperinflation (Grossman and Helpman, 1991). In this specific example, as proposed in Dornbusch (1986), expansionary monetary policy supports the fiscal effort. Indeed, an open market purchase of government bonds reduces the interest payments and the value of the total deficit. The government can thus take advantage of the higher demand for money to reduce the deficit. In this case, the reduction in the primary deficit would be smaller than would otherwise need to be. The once-and-for-all increase in the demand for money that results from a successful stabilization effort contributes to a permanent reduction in the deficit. The stabilization strategy just discussed is useful to explain the analytical implications of assuming partial adjustment in the money market and rational expectations vis-à  -vis instantaneous adjustment in the money market and adaptive expectations. The reduced-form dynamic equations are similar in both cases. However, as just shown, when the right policy combination is followed, hyperinflation can be controlled instantaneously in the former case, while it will at best be reduced through a gradual process in the latter. The rigidity in expectations creates a strong barrier to rapid reductions in inflation. There are useful insights regarding the role of tight fiscal policy in anti-inflation programs. First, it is apparent that small reductions in the deficit may not be sufficient to reduce permanently the rate of inflation. Second, it was also argued that there is not a one-to-one relation between deficits and inflation rates; while a given budget deficit might be associated with a stable rate of inflation under one set of initial conditions, it could also lead to an unstable path of prices under others. Finally, there is an interesting asymmetry emerging from this model. While small increases in the budget deficit can move the economy into unstable paths that can eventually result in large increases in inflation, stabilization of the rate of inflation (once the economy is moving along the unstable path) can require even larger contractions in the fiscal deficit. In particular, if the economy is in a sufficiently hyperinflationary state, the monetary authorities might find that the onl y feasible stabilizing alternative is the complete elimination of the use of inflationary finance. In this paper it is shown that under plausible assumptions regarding the adjustment of the money market it is possible to find conditions under which large money-financed deficits can lead to hyperinflation even when agents have perfect foresight. The basic analytical framework is similar to the one used in Sargent and Wallace (1973), Evans and Yarrow (1981), Bruno and Fischer (1986), Dornbusch and Fischer (1986), and Buiter (1987). It assumes that budget deficits are entirely financed through seigniorage, a Cagan-type demand for money function and rational expectations (which in the present model, given the absence of uncertainty, is equivalent to perfect foresight). The main difference is that in the present model the money market does not clear instantaneously. Literature review The adjusted deficit values, therefore, assist us in putting the deficits in perspective and enable us to attribute changes in deficits to specific policy regimes. Another important form of measurement of the budget deficit is the primary deficit. The total budget deficit can be divided into two components: the primary or non-interest deficit, and the interest payments on the public debt, that is Total deficit = primary deficit + interest payments The primary deficit therefore represents all government outlays, except interest payments, less all government revenue. This definition will have huge significance when we discuss the role of the interest payments on outstanding government bonds. The overall budget might be in deficit even if the primary deficit is in surplus (or when we have a primary surplus). This is because in every time period the government makes a significant amount of interest payments on past debt. After mandatory spending, interest payments constitute the second largest chunk of UK government expenditures. Thus we can see that the overall budget will be in deficit unless the interest payments on the existing debt are more than matched by a primary surplus (Dornbusch and Fischer, pp. 581-583). According to Dornbusch and Fischer, this forms the core of the mechanics of deficit financing (p. 597). They write: ‘If there is a primary deficit in the budget, then the total budget deficit will keep growing as the debt grows because of the deficit, and interest payments rise because the debt is growing. As in Diamond (1965), a deficit is created by the government once and for all increasing its debt by reducing taxes on personal incomes. This is equivalent to the government transferring new bonds to the households. The traditional assumption has been that in subsequent periods taxes on personal incomes are raised in order to pay the interest on this additional debt. Instead, in the present paper I consider the case in which it is the future taxes on corporations that are raised. In the present model we find that, because taxes on personal incomes are discounted at a higher rate than the interest on government debt, deficits financed by raising future taxes on personal incomes increase wealth and aggregate expenditure, causing a current account deficit. This is the general view about the effects of deficits in finite horizon models. We, however, find that unanticipated deficits financed by raising future taxes on corporate incomes are neutral. This result arises because corporations, unlike households, are infinitely lived, and therefore taxes on corporations are discounted at the same rate as the interest on government debt. Thus, when the government incurs a deficit by transferring new bonds to the households, and it announces that it is going to raise taxes on corporations to pay the interest on these new bonds, the value of shares in corporations falls by the same amount as the value of new bonds that are issued, leaving wealth and aggregate expenditure unchanged. A correction of the fiscal imbalance has been crucial for stopping hyperinflation. This factor is well documented in the works of Yeager (1981), Sargent and Wallace (1973), and Webb (1986) on the hyperinflation episodes in the central European countries and United Kingdom on the episodes of recessions. Substantial reductions in the budget deficit, monetary reform, and a fixed exchange rate were crucial for the successful stabilization policies in those countries. Indeed, fiscal restraint, which in most cases meant outright elimination of the budget deficit, was probably the most important of these policy measures. One distinctive feature of hyperinflationary episodes is that the rate of inflation accelerates over time, thus suggesting that these processes are inherently unstable. Cagans seminal work on this issue provides an alternative interpretation. In Cagans view hyperinflationary episodes could only be unstable if they were â€Å"self-generating,† and he considered that although â€Å"there is no reason why (self-generating inflations) could not occur; so far they have just not been observed† (p. 73). However, Cagans stability analysis only considers the case in which the money process was exogenous. If one extends Cagans seminal paper through the introduction of money-financed budget deficits and rational expectations, and then analyzes the dynamic properties of the system, as was recently done by Evans and Yarrow (1981), Kiguel (1986), and Buiter (1987), the results are astonishing. Large money-financed budget deficits could be the source of instability; however, they could only lead to hyperdeflation. These deficits can never be the source of hyperinflation. The presence of large budget deficits in a perfect foresight framework has a surprising effect on the dynamic behavior of inflation. Auernheimer (1976), Evans and Yarrow (1981), and Kiguel (1986) showed that in order to obtain a hyperinflationary process one needs to assume adaptive expectations. In other words, in Cagans framework, large budget deficits could result in hyperinflation only when agents make systematic mistakes in forecasting the rate of inflation. It has been recognized for some time that it is very difficult to justify the use of adaptive expectations in macroeconomic models. Economic agents eventually learn the process that generates inflation, and they will use that information in the formation of their forecasts on inflation. As a result, it is difficult to accept that large budget deficits would lead to accelerating inflation only in the presence of systematic mistakes. The effect of anticipated deficits financed by taxing corporate incomes is the exact opposite of the conventional view about anticipated deficits in finite horizon models. If the government announces that at some future date it will incur a deficit by issuing new bonds to the households, and that corporate income taxes are going to be raised in the periods after that in order to pay the interest on this debt, then at the time the policy is announced aggregate wealth will fall, for the following reason. As taxes on corporations are discounted at the same rate as the interest on government debt, the present value of the taxes is equal to the value of the bonds transferred to the households as of the time that the policy is carried out. However, when the policy is announced households are not sure that they will survive to collect the transfer of bonds. Thus, they discount these transfers at a higher rate than the market rate of interest. On the other hand, as corporations are infinitel y lived, the valuation of shares in corporation is such that taxes will be discounted at the market rate of interest. This then means that at the time the policy is announced aggregate wealth and expenditure will fall, causing a current account surplus. This result is the opposite of the conventional view about the effects of anticipated deficits in finite horizon models, as emphasized by, for example, Feldstein (1983), and Frenkel and Razin (1986). Finally, the fact that taxes on corporations in UK are discounted at a lower rate than taxes on personal incomes means that a revenue neutral tax reform involving a shift in taxes from personal incomes to corporate incomes will result in a loss of wealth and a fall in aggregate expenditure, causing a current account surplus. Much of the literature on monetary unions has concentrated on their effects on trade and hence on the effects on the efficiency with which factors of production are used. Rose (2000) shows, in a multi-country panel study, that there may be significant effects on trade from membership of a monetary union. Whilst Honahan (2001) does not dispute the potential for benefits, he points out that much of the weight in Roses results comes from small countries leaving (or sometimes joining) colonial and post-colonial monetary unions. These decisions were often associated with a bundle of changes in relation to partner countries that themselves had a major impact on trade. Given that there are likely to be reasonably large gains in the scale of trade from joining a monetary union, there are also likely to be significant increases in the level of output. Grossman and Helpman (1991) argue that there is a strong link between openness and growth and much of the evidence is surveyed in Pain (2002). These gains come from the arrival of new technologies, increases in specialization by comparative advantage and the reaping of economies of scale within industries that have become more specialized. In addition, a monetary union reduces the barriers to trade even within a common customs area by reducing transactions costs, and this is likely to have a major impact on the level of output that can be produced with a given level of inputs. Given the theoretical importance of the output gap, it is unfortunate that its measurement is so problematic. This will always be the case however when we are trying to separate out ‘high frequency events such as the business cycle from ‘low frequency events or persistent phenomena such as the trend in potential output. As Watson (1986) points out, a time series of 30 years could contain a significant number of examples of cycles of periods of less than 5 years, yet only a few examples of cycles of 10 years or more. Therefore we have more information in a finite sample on the shorter cycles, and correspondingly less information on longer cycles and the permanent shocks (which can be regarded as infinitely long cycles). Techniques for trend extraction have to address this problem directly, and filters for trend extraction are designed to remove specific frequencies and, in particular, cycles from the data under consideration. The central point of Feldstein (1986) article is to present empirical evidence in support of the view that budget deficits cause a currency to appreciate. He regresses the real exchange rate between the U.S. and UK on a measure of the budget deficit in the United Kingdom and a set of other variables. For the period 1973 to 1984 (twelve annual observations), he finds that the estimated effects on the real exchange rate are strong and robust to the inclusion or exclusion of other variables. Branson and Love (1988), on the other hand, outline a theory that assumes that the movements in the nominal exchange rate cause movements in the real exchange rate. These, in turn, cause movements in the supply of (tradable and non-tradable) output and employment and, hence, the trade balance. Their empirical results indicate that appreciation of dollar over the period caused a large unemployment loss in manufacturing. Barth et al. (1990) note that the choice for measuring of the deficit affects the nature of the linkage between deficits and interest rates. Specifically, studies that use cyclically adjusted deficits or federal debt instead of federal deficits are more likely to find a significant relation between the fiscal variable and interest rates. Recent evidence reported by Barth et al. conforms with these observations. Barth et al. (1990) also conclude that low frequency data (annual versus quarterly or monthly) and long-term interest rates (instead of short-term rates) are more likely to produce a significant relation between deficits and interest rates. However, recent studies do not support these generalizations. The summary shows that many studies that use quarterly data yield a significant relation between deficits and interest rates (e.g., Bruno and Fischer, 1986; Dornbusch and Fischer, 1986; Buiter, 1987). Moreover, several of the studies surveyed (e.g., Honahan, 2001; Rose, 2000) find a significant relation for short-term interest rates. Barth et al. (1990) note that expected deficits play a greater role than contemporaneous deficits for long-term rates. One should note that results of all such studies are sensitive to the measurement of expected deficits. Frenkel and Razin (1986) find that announcement effects of the unanticipated deficit on interest rates are positive and about the same throughout the yield curve. Both rational expectations studies (Bruno and Fischer, 1986; Dornbusch, 1986) find positive relations, one for long-term rates and one for short-term. Finally, Feldstein (1983) and Dornbusch and Fischer (1986) find a positive relation between 10-year rates and projected cyclically adjusted deficit as a percent of GNP. Therefore, this relation apparently does exist for long-term rates, but concluding the same for short-term rates would be premature. Discussion The politics of tax cuts are not necessarily straightforward. Since the UK Budget of March 1993, discretionary tax increases have added about [pounds] 18 billion to expected tax revenue in 1996/97. It might therefore appear odd to the electorate for there to be a remittance of [pounds] 5 billion of these tax revenues as an election approaches. However, a reasonable defense of this might be that the fiscal position has turned out to be better than originally forecast. When the first tranche of tax increases was announced in the March 1993 Budget it was expected that even with the additional revenue the PSBR to GDP ratio in 1996/97 would be 4 1/2 per cent of GDP. The additional fiscal changes announced in the November 1993 Budget contributed to a reduction in the forecast deficit to 2 3/4 per cent of GDP. Now, with no further tax changes the Treasury is forecasting that the deficit will be 2 per cent of GDP, substantially lower than they first thought it would be. In terms of the economics of the UK Budget judgment, the slowdown in economic activity that appears to be occurring, especially the very weak state of domestic demand would appear to allow some relaxation of the fiscal stance. In addition, our projections suggest that even after allowing for tax cuts the general government financial deficit will fall below the 3 per cent reference level for the European Union excessive deficits procedure. The main difficulty with the tax cuts is that they retard the progress that the government has made in reducing its borrowing towards the level that would be permitted by the so-called ‘golden rule that the government borrow no more than is necessary to finance investment. This may be seen either in balance sheet terms or by examining borrowing in relation to investment expenditure. The consequence of the deterioration in the public sectors balance sheet is that this years taxpayers are leaving more liabilities and fewer assets to next years taxpayers than they started with. This suggests that the future services provided by public sector capital will be lower and debt interest higher than they would otherwise have been. This means that future taxes need to be higher in order to pay for the extra debt interest. This situation can be prevented by the government following the golden rule that borrowing be no more than is necessary to finance capital investment. Deficits have to be financed either by issuing debt or by creating base money. Sargent and Wallace (1973) have argued that persistent budget deficits will eventually result either in monetization of the outstanding stock of debt, thus depriving the monetary authorities of their autonomy in setting policy targets, or in a repudiation of at least part of the debt. Hence lack of fiscal discipline could undermine the independence of a newly created European Central Bank, which might come under potential pressure to loosen its policy stance if some member states had serious budgetary problems. Its credibility could be affected if agents thought that a softer stance would become inevitable to alleviate the financial difficulties of highly indebted countries running large deficits. One of the consequences would be an increase in interest rates reflecting a revision in expectations incorporating higher future inflation rates. Fiscal discipline would still be a major concern even if the UK monetary authorities remained steadfast in their anti-inflationary commitment, because those states with unsustainable fiscal positions might have to pull out, whose irreversibility would then be questioned. As a result, markets could take a different view of the degree of substitutability of the assets issued by the different countries. Furthermore, other externalities would be at work, in the form of pressure on other member states to come to the rescue of those with unsustainable debt/deficit paths. Another possibility is that conflicts would arise ‘on issues related to the distribution of (seigniorage) among member countries (Pain, 2002). Other consequences for the country as a whole of the lack of fiscal discipline would be a general rise in interest rates and an external deficit for Europe vis-à  -vis the rest of the world, with adverse effects on the ECU exchange rate. As to the introduction of binding fis cal constraints, the argument is often put forward in the literature that they may appear to improve welfare, but only if the existence of a trade-off between fiscal and monetary policy is ignored (Pain, 2002). Development of a government bond market provides a number of important benefits if the prerequisites to a sound development are in place. At the macroeconomic policy level, the UK government securities market provides an avenue for domestic funding of budget deficits other than that provided by the central bank and, thereby, can reduce the need for direct and potentially damaging monetary financing of government deficits and avoid a build-up of foreign currency denominated debt. A government securities market can also strengthen the transmission and implementation of monetary policy, including the achievement of monetary targets or inflation objectives, and can enable the use of market-based indirect monetary policy instruments. The existence of such a market not only can enable authorities to smooth consumption and investment expenditures in response to shocks, but if coupled with sound debt management, can also help governments reduce their exposure to interest rate, currency, and other financial risks. Finally, a shift toward market-oriented funding of government budget deficits will reduce debt-service costs over the medium to long term through development of a deep and liquid market for government securities. At the microeconomic level, development of a domestic securities market can increase overall financial stability and improve financial intermediation through greater competition and development of related financial infrastructure, products, and services. The creation of a monetary union will inevitably affect the setting of fiscal policy. Even if only monetary policy becomes the responsibility of the new institutions, with fiscal policy remaining in the domain of national government, the fact that they will no longer be able to monetize debt has implications for policy choices. Fiscal policy may play a more important role as a stabilization tool. In the standard Mundell-Fleming framework, in which sticky prices are assumed (Frankel and Razin, 1987) fiscal policy is most effective when exchange rates are fixed and there are free capital movements, conditions which has to be fulfilled by the UK government. Because in a fixed rate system a fiscal expansion does not lead to a rise in interest rates and to an appreciation of the exchange rate, some countries might resort more frequently to fiscal measures to respond to shocks, especially if they are country-specific. Such budgetary policies could result in a looser overall fiscal stance, especially if the fiscal authorities failed to distinguish between temporary and permanent shocks. It is often claimed that fiscal policy is the appropriate policy resp

Hucks Conflicted Nature in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry

Huck's Conflicted Nature in Mark Twain’s The Adventures Of Huck Finn Continuing what he had started in the first eleven chapters, Twain further develops Huck Finn's character through a series of events where Huck's decisions indicate his moral struggle. Adventures shows the dynamic movement of Huck's internal difficulty, illustrating his conflicted nature. As juxtaposition to the fantasy of Tom Sawyer's gang, Huck encounters real robbers and murderers on the wrecked Walter Scott steamboat. After hearing their plans, Huck tells Jim, â€Å"If we find their boat we can put all of 'em in a bad fix -- for the Sheriff ’ll get 'em† (262); despite his developing nihilism , Huck decides to trap the men by stealing their boat. Here Huck has drastically affected the fate of the men, whether it be dying or being arrested, and eventually he realizes his responsibility: â€Å"I begun to worry about the men...I begun to think how dreadful it was, even for murderers, to be in such a fix† (263). To remedy the situation in response to his sudden guilt, Huck employs (deceives) the captain of the ferryboat to rescue the men. Huck applauds his altruism, saying â€Å"I was feeling ruther comfortable on accounts of taking all this trouble for that gang, for not many would have done it† (265) but fails to realize his irony: â€Å" not many [people] would have† boarded the wreck in the first place, much less trapped the men. Regardless, Huck has shown he can act freely, but not free from his conscience, which will prove important later in the novel, specifically at the climax. Prior to chapter twenty-five, the king and the duke had committed mild schemes, towards which Huck had been indifferent; once they plan to swindle the Wilks girls’ inheritance, however, Huc... ...ndons his effort to escape society and its imposition (by becoming Tom Sawyer’s sidekick again). His conflicted nature serves as the novel’s tragic aspect: although he had resolved to decide his morality independent from society, Huck’s freedom will be limited once Aunt Sally adopts him, a result of his choice to comply with Tom instead of freeing Jim and leaving on the river, where they have both lived freely throughout the novel. Works Cited and Consulted Clemens, Samuel. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter, et al. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Lexington: Heath, 1994. 236-419. Kaplan, Justin. "Born to Trouble: One Hundred Years of Huckleberry Finn." Mark Twain Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Eds. Gerald Graff and James Phelan. Boston: St. Martin's, 1995. 348-359. Huck's Conflicted Nature in Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Huck's Conflicted Nature in Mark Twain’s The Adventures Of Huck Finn Continuing what he had started in the first eleven chapters, Twain further develops Huck Finn's character through a series of events where Huck's decisions indicate his moral struggle. Adventures shows the dynamic movement of Huck's internal difficulty, illustrating his conflicted nature. As juxtaposition to the fantasy of Tom Sawyer's gang, Huck encounters real robbers and murderers on the wrecked Walter Scott steamboat. After hearing their plans, Huck tells Jim, â€Å"If we find their boat we can put all of 'em in a bad fix -- for the Sheriff ’ll get 'em† (262); despite his developing nihilism , Huck decides to trap the men by stealing their boat. Here Huck has drastically affected the fate of the men, whether it be dying or being arrested, and eventually he realizes his responsibility: â€Å"I begun to worry about the men...I begun to think how dreadful it was, even for murderers, to be in such a fix† (263). To remedy the situation in response to his sudden guilt, Huck employs (deceives) the captain of the ferryboat to rescue the men. Huck applauds his altruism, saying â€Å"I was feeling ruther comfortable on accounts of taking all this trouble for that gang, for not many would have done it† (265) but fails to realize his irony: â€Å" not many [people] would have† boarded the wreck in the first place, much less trapped the men. Regardless, Huck has shown he can act freely, but not free from his conscience, which will prove important later in the novel, specifically at the climax. Prior to chapter twenty-five, the king and the duke had committed mild schemes, towards which Huck had been indifferent; once they plan to swindle the Wilks girls’ inheritance, however, Huc... ...ndons his effort to escape society and its imposition (by becoming Tom Sawyer’s sidekick again). His conflicted nature serves as the novel’s tragic aspect: although he had resolved to decide his morality independent from society, Huck’s freedom will be limited once Aunt Sally adopts him, a result of his choice to comply with Tom instead of freeing Jim and leaving on the river, where they have both lived freely throughout the novel. Works Cited and Consulted Clemens, Samuel. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter, et al. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Lexington: Heath, 1994. 236-419. Kaplan, Justin. "Born to Trouble: One Hundred Years of Huckleberry Finn." Mark Twain Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Eds. Gerald Graff and James Phelan. Boston: St. Martin's, 1995. 348-359.